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特斯拉比亚迪化敌为友,谁最慌?

12年前,特斯拉发售了第一款面向大众销售的电动超跑——Model S。

特斯拉与比亚迪的“大局观”

12年前,特斯拉发售了第一款面向大众销售的电动超跑——Model S。

马斯克四处接受采访,卖力地给Model S做宣传。在接受彭博电视台采访,被问到如何看待比亚迪这家公司时,马斯克不屑地说道:“你见过他们的车吗?”“他们没什么技术”。

近日,有美国网友翻出了这段老视频,问他:“你当年为何要嘲笑比亚迪?”

马斯克显然记得这段采访视频,很诚恳地回答说:“这是很多年以前的事了。如今,比亚迪的汽车极具竞争力。”

不仅如此,特斯拉还用上了比亚迪的电池。

5月20日,德国媒体teslamag报道称,特斯拉Model Y后驱版,在德国柏林工厂正式下线,亮点是搭载了比亚迪的刀片电池。这也让比亚迪,成了继松下、LG、宁德时代之后,特斯拉的第四家电池供应商。

其实,特斯拉和比亚迪的关系从去年就开始“暧昧”。早在去年6月8日,比亚迪集团执行副总裁、汽车工程研究院院长廉玉波在接受CGTN采访时便透露,比亚迪即将为特斯拉提供电池。此后又有传言称,比亚迪将从今年第二季度开始向特斯拉交付刀片电池。

如今靴子终于落地,比亚迪和特斯拉的合作逐渐清晰,对此本文将回答以下三个问题:

1、特斯拉与比亚迪多年恩怨终于放下了?

2、续航不如宁德时代,特斯拉为什么还执意要用刀片电池?

3、全球电池厂商格局会因此发生变化吗?

一、从对手到供应商

1995年,29岁的王传福看准机会,用借来的250万元启动资金,在改革开放创业潮奔涌的深圳创办了比亚迪,主营二次充电电池业务,最先走的技术路线是镍镉电池。

彼时,日本厂商基于东南亚金融危机以及环保的缘故,在本土停产镍镉电池。那时候,全国上下风行砖头一样大小的大哥大电话,用的电池正好是镍镉电池。于是比亚迪在大变局中,相继拿下了摩托罗拉、诺基亚的手机电池订单,填补了日本电池企业退出的市场份额,成为诺基亚和摩托罗拉在中国的第一个手机锂电池供应商,并于2003年跨界造车。

2011年,特斯拉造出了震撼全球的首款电动超跑——Model S;比亚迪造出了连首款电动车——E6。

售价高达30万的E6上市后,无人问津,很快沦落为深圳市的出租车。出租司机开了一年就闹着要退车,他们说:“这破车一天充两次电,太耽误拉活了!”

燃油车卖不动,电动车没人买,比亚迪与特斯拉实力太过悬殊,几乎让人看不到国产电动车追赶特斯拉的希望。

转机发生在2013年,比亚迪汽车成立10周年之际。造了10年的汽车,王传福悟到了一个残酷的现实:在燃油车领域,国产车已经没机会追上外国车了。

他说:“全世界著名的车企,奔驰、丰田之类,他们除了发动机技术坚持自研外,其他零部件依靠博世、电装、大陆等企业的供应。问题是,外资车企订购量大,对零部件供应商有话语权,国产车体量小,没人理。国产车企拿到的零部件无论是价格还是质量都不如外资车企,这怎么和他们竞争呢?”

于是比亚迪定下了逐渐退出燃油车生产,全力转进电动车的战略。顶着E6的嘲笑声,推出了第一代油电混合的秦系列轿车。

那一年,随着Model S的量产,自燃事件频发,整个汽车界都在唱衰特斯拉。美国媒体对特斯拉极尽嘲讽,形容马斯克是硅谷最大的骗子;丰田公司抛售了全部股票弃特斯拉而去,并表示:十年时间内,找不到解决电池自燃的办法。

比亚迪没有落井下石报两年前的嘲讽之仇。王传福向记者表示:“我们不希望特斯拉出事,他们做好了,我们才会受益。”

之后多年,比亚迪与特斯拉你追我赶,相爱相杀,除了拼销量、拼产能、拼技术,在储能赛道也暗自较劲。

如今的比亚迪,不仅在技术能力、新能源产品研发、生产制造、车辆交付、售后等方面追赶上了特斯拉,在中国市场更是早已和后者拉开距离,难怪令马斯克刮目相看。

二、为何比亚迪成为新宠?

其实比亚迪在一开始并不是特斯拉的主要选择。

特斯拉此前有三家电池供应商,集齐了当今电池江湖中最强者——中日韩三家头部企业宁德时代、松下和LG新能源。

松下和LG新能源供应三元锂电池,主要供应海外工厂和上海工厂Model 3和Model Y的长续航版,宁德时代主要供应磷酸铁锂电池,配套上海工厂的Model 3和Model Y标准版以及柏林工厂生产的入门版Model Y。

现在,入门版Model Y仍由柏林工厂生产,但后驱款将采用比亚迪磷酸铁锂刀片方型电池,电池容量55kWh,续航力大约440公里,相较采用宁德时代电池的Model Y,电池容量少了5kWh,续航力减少15公里。那为何特斯拉还执意要选择比亚迪呢?

这里不得不提到令马斯克失望的松下。

过去特斯拉主要把宝押在松下身上,其主推的降本“大杀器”4680电池本就计划未来搭载到其新车Cybertruck和改款的Model Y上,虽然特斯拉自己有工厂生产4680电池,但产能难以满足需求,所以一直希望松下能尽快投产4680电池。

但松下的表现有点拉跨,特斯拉4680电池的投产一再拖延,在最近的一份声明中松下表示关于特斯拉4680电池的生产将推迟到2024年4月以后,这让马斯克希望在今年4月份大规模用上4680电池的计划泡汤了。

而在动力电池行业,磷酸铁锂电池是低成本的代名词。和同属主流路线的三元锂电池相比,磷酸铁锂电池相近能量密度下的每度电成本低15%左右,若以每度电150美元成本计算,采用刀片电池后,电池包成本还可以省下约750美元。

比亚迪的刀片电池又是目前市面上为数不多的磷酸铁锂电芯且拥有CTB技术的电池包方案。CTB技术和CTC技术同理,都是把电芯直接集成到车辆底盘内部的电池技术。其中,就省了从电芯到封装模组、再到电池包的两个过程,而是直接把电芯装在车身架构中,这一特点刚好和特斯拉一体压铸技术相契合。好处就是高度集成化,能减少零部件数量和总装工艺,提高效率并且降低成本。比亚迪目前,已经将刀片电池,应用在CTC/CTB结构中的车型,例如海豹上。

此前为特斯拉供应磷酸铁锂电池的企业仅有宁德时代,对特斯拉来说,选择多个电池供应商有助于保证供应链安全,避免被某家供应商“卡脖子”,在过去Model 3的产能爬坡中,与松下的过度绑定已经让特斯拉尝过苦头。

三、LG和宁德时代谁更慌?

作为全球最大的新能源汽车制造商,特斯拉的每一次动作都有着举足轻重的影响,特别是在今年一季度比亚迪全球装机量超过LG新能源成为第二的情况下,特斯拉和比亚迪的合作或将影响全球动力电池市场格局。

目前,比亚迪的外供车企仅有一汽、福特、丰田和东风等车企,受限于自身电池产能所以外供规模都不大。成功打入特斯拉的动力电池供应体系,对比亚迪来说,最大的好处是提高弗迪电池的外供水平。

据不完全统计,弗迪电池建立了超过20座工厂。目前弗迪电池公布的总产能规划已达到300GWh。根据此前规划,弗迪电池在2021年和2022年的总产能分别可达到75GWh和100GWh,仅2021年成立的无为弗迪、盐城弗迪、济南弗迪、绍兴弗迪、滁州弗迪等公司就将为弗迪电池新增约90GWh产能。弗迪电池初步预计2025年电池规划产能将超过600GWh。

除了为电池外供业务拓展了新空间,也给比亚迪刀片电池做了背书,在欧洲的率先合作上车,更为比亚迪日后拓展欧洲市场打下更好的认知基础。

但特斯拉比亚迪化敌为友,对宁德时代乃至日韩电池厂商显然不是一个利好消息。

前面刚提到特斯拉国产化后,国内只有宁德时代打进了特斯拉供应链。随着比亚迪加入特斯拉供应链,电池“老二”比亚迪的市场份额无疑会有提升。

再看LG与松下,其供货地位已经不及“老大”宁德时代,在今年一季度的市场占比中,韩国电池厂商的总份额又下降了1.3%,仅剩下24.7%,而中国电池厂商的总份额已经增长到60.9%。

按照马斯克的说法,特斯拉三分之二的电池需求将转向磷酸铁锂,这意味着短期内,宁德时代与比亚迪将瓜分三大分之二的电池订单,而LG与松下要去争夺剩余三分之一的订单。

因此,日韩电池厂商今年的市场份额可能还会下降。

全文参考

[1]《打入特斯拉,比亚迪贴身近搏宁德时代》,周洲,汽车商业评论

[2]《特斯拉与松下的“战争”》,建约车评

[3]《一季度全球动力电池市场:宁王增长放缓,比亚迪一路“狂飙”》,谭璇,盖世汽车社区

[4]《特斯拉VS比亚迪:一个起点,两种赢法》,熊宇翔,远川汽车评论