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全聚德,下一个狗不理?

全聚德又上热搜了。

三年亏7亿,“鸭王”失宠

全聚德又上热搜了。 

上一次全聚德上热搜,是因为开卖800多元的酱香型白酒,同时股价暴涨。而这一次,热搜话题是“全聚德连亏三年”。是的,2022年,百年老字号全聚德又亏损了。 

曾经,全聚德烤鸭是国宴上的常客,也是北京的名片之一,坊间还有俗语流传:“不到万里长城非好汉,不吃全聚德烤鸭真遗憾!”对于很多外地游客而言,去北京必吃全聚德。 

▲(全聚德前门店 图/市界)

近些年,全聚德时常被消费者吐槽,其中议论最多的点,无外乎“难吃”“贵”“服务差”。食客们将吐槽化为行动,导致全聚德的业绩持续下降。 

往日的辉煌已不再,百年全聚德确实不香了。 

三年亏了7亿

4月11日下午5点左右,位于北京前门大街的全聚德门店,食客们进进出出,大堂的餐桌坐满了人,还有很多人在排号等候。这是一个正常的工作日,且尚未到下班时间,排号也得等大概1个小时。 

▲(全聚德前门店 图/市界)

这样热闹的场景,似乎很难与亏损二字联系到一起。 

就在前一天晚间,全聚德发布了最新的年报:2022年,全聚德实现营业收入7.19亿元,同比减少24.16%;归母净利润为-2.78亿元,上年同期为-1.57亿元,同比下降了-76.86%。 

这已经是全聚德连续第三年净利润亏损了。2020年和2021年,全聚德归母净利润分别为-2.62亿元、-1.57亿元。 

从2020年到2022年,全聚德累计净亏损达6.97亿元。 

对于2022年的亏损,全聚德解释称,公司多家门店受宏观因素影响闭店或关闭堂食,对经营产生严重影响,全年利润出现较大幅度亏损。 

从财务指标来看,2022年,全聚德餐饮业务的营业收入没有覆盖掉营业成本,导致公司整体销售毛利率为-12.89%,同时,销售费用率和管理费用率也上升了,净利率为-41.13%。 

▲(全聚德前门店的烤鸭区 图/市界)

客观而言,2022年,宏观因素对全聚德的冲击确实不小。 

全聚德的三大直营店分布在前门大街、和平门、王府井——几乎可以说是北京游客流量最大的地方。全聚德在2020年报中称,这三大门店是公司自有产权门店。 

前门店是全聚德最早的店面,被称为起源店;和平门店是总店,距天安门广场步行不过一公里;王府井店的对面,曾是另一家老字号——狗不理。 

兴业证券研报在2014年时测算过,位于热门旅游区域的这三大门店,收入占全聚德营业收入的70%左右;利润占比则更大,占全聚德净利润的90%以上。 

全聚德的业绩,与游客之间的关系,很紧密。2022年,游客减少,全聚德必然受到了较大影响。 

不过,抛开过去这三年,其实,全聚德的业绩早就开始下滑了。 

全聚德于2007年上市,业绩的巅峰时期是在2012年。此后便起起伏伏,总体呈下滑的趋势。从2012年开始,高端消费受到限制,全聚德的宴请场景受到影响。 

与业绩相对应的是,去吃全聚德的人越来越少了,或者可以说,全聚德烤鸭卖不动了。 

「市界」翻阅历年年报发现,在2020年之前,全聚德每年都会在年报中披露餐饮业务全年接待宾客人次。如果只看近几年的话,2017年接待了804.07万人次,2018年是770.47万人次,2019年是658.92万人次,呈持续下滑态势。 

2019年相较于2017年,减少了145万多人次。 

事实上,2019年的接待人次,远不如十年前。2011年,全聚德接待宾客747.41万人次。从2011年到2019年,接待宾客最少的就是2019年。 

从2020年到2022年,可能是因为接待人次下滑实在严重,全聚德并未在年报中披露该项数据。 

截至2022年末,全聚德旗下有102家门店。其中,全聚德品牌门店92家,仿膳品牌门店1家,丰泽园品牌门店5家,四川饭店品牌门店4家。显然,全聚德门店是核心,也是业绩最主要的来源。 

“奔着名气来的”

为什么还有很多人去吃全聚德?其中一个重要的原因是,游客是以“打卡心态”去尝试一下,很多人并不会高频次去消费。 

老陈与亲友一行多人,从湖南来北京旅游,想着必须尝尝北京的特色。于是,就去了全聚德前门店。 

吃完之后,老陈跟他的亲友们的感觉相似——“油大”“味道一般”“不实惠”“服务员爱答不理的”。他说,湖南老家也有各种鸭肉,包括烤鸭,很实惠,但是,这是他们第一次来北京,“奔着名气来的,毕竟名声在外,就尝个鲜”。 

“奔着名气来的”,“吃的主要是名气”。这是很多游客共同的心声。 

▲(全聚德前门店,师傅正在片鸭 图/市界) 

不光游客,对于工作生活在北京的人来说,全聚德也很难让他们去高频次消费。 

陈希是土生土长的北京人,她上一次去吃全聚德还在2021年五一假期之后。有外地朋友来玩,为了尽地主之谊,她带着朋友去全聚德“打卡”。但是,那一次的体验并不美好。 

晚上七点多,她和朋友来到了全聚德前门店。黑底金字的招牌,很显眼,这是她们的第一印象。进门后,前台服务员问了一句:排号还是拼桌? 

不同于海底捞的长时间营业,全聚德前门店每天的营业时间只有两个时段,分别是11:00-14:00与16:30-21:00,对外的总营业时长为7.5个小时。 

▲(全聚德前门店门口写着营业时间 图/市界) 

陈希到店的时候已经快晚上八点了,如果排号的话,前面还有20多个人,可能就白跑一趟了。所以,她们只能选择拼桌。 

上到二楼,陈希瞬间愣住了:拼的桌子竟然是张可坐10人的宴会圆桌,玻璃转盘被服务员挪到了桌边,她和朋友挨着另外三四个五十岁左右的陌生人坐着,“感觉大家都很拘谨”。 

陈希说,本来想在饭桌上和朋友聊聊天,叙叙旧,但是,在这样的场景下,实在打不开话匣子。 

翻开菜单,一只全聚德普通的烤鸭258元,小料和饼需要额外点,小料一份5元,荷叶饼一屉15元…… 

▲(全聚德菜单页 陈希供图) 

陈希还记得,她们那天去“打卡”,并没有多点,但也花了好几百。她说,外地来的朋友本来带着很大的期待,吃过之后也只是客套地说了句“还行”。 

店里的服务也让她们不太愉快。 

“点菜的时候,服务员没提醒会送汤,所以我们点了一份汤,但是,等我们快吃完的时候,服务员又端上来一盆鸭汤,啥也没说,放在我们面前就走了,在我们的询问之下才知道是送的。”但此时她们已经吃饱喝足,这盆汤压根没怎么动。 

此前,即使是在大堂用餐,全聚德也会收取10%的服务费,只不过2020年的时候取消了。 

全聚德总经理周延龙表示:“《海底捞你学不会》这本书我看了好几遍,我还是学不会。海底捞的服务是像基因一样植入公司和员工,我们做不到。海底捞都不收服务费,我们就不能收费。” 

“贵不贵的不是问题,问题是价格是否与体验、品质和服务相匹配。如果是在大排档吃几十块钱的饭,我们也不会奢望人家有多好的服务。”陈希觉得,全聚德整体菜品不算便宜,但是体验与之不太匹配。 

“说白了,全聚德就不像一个吃饭的地方,更像是一个外地游客来打卡的付费旅游景点。”陈希难掩失望:“如果不是为了招待外地朋友,我才不会来呢!” 

作为餐饮品牌,在价格之下,餐食与服务都至关重要。但是,全聚德被网友吐槽的声音中,绕不开这两点。 

一位胡同里长大的北京人、烤鸭死忠粉表示,如果自己和家人吃烤鸭,很少去全聚德,除非请客。“北京烤鸭比较有名的几个品牌,像大董、四季民福、全聚德、便宜坊等,全聚德基本不去,因为性价比低,服务差……” 

全聚德求变

对于大家的吐槽,全聚德似乎听到了。这两年,全聚德也在试图做出改变,取消服务费、推新品、直播…… 

4月11日,「市界」探访全聚德前门店时,翻开全聚德红色封面的菜单发现,最先出现的商品并不是全聚德最具特色的烤鸭,而是两款酱香型白酒——在同一页,上面是全聚德1864,售价828元/瓶;下面是全聚德传奇,售价为528元/瓶。 

▲(全聚德菜单页 图/市界) 

如果仅从这两款酒的售价来看,在白酒市场,一款属于次高端档位,另一款属于高端白酒。而且,800多元的零售价,直逼高端白酒市场两大单品国窖1573和普五的实际成交价。 

时间回到2022年12月,全聚德股价短期内大涨,并且出现多个涨停。对于股价的异动,跟全聚德“饮酒”有一定关系。 

当时,全聚德称,为拓宽产品线,公司采取委托加工方式推出两款全聚德定制酱香型白酒“全聚德•1864”和“全聚德•传奇”,已在全聚德天猫旗舰店等线上平台及京内京外各家门店陆续开展销售,公司并未投资上述白酒生产企业。 

“委托加工”和“定制”,显然,这两款酱香型白酒并非全聚德生产。这两款酒的外包装上写着“中国全聚德(集团)股份有限公司监制”,委托方为全聚德,而受委托方为贵州宋窖酒业有限公司。 

宋窖酒业并非来自茅台镇,而是位于贵州省习水县土城镇,2010年才成立。 

白酒以利润率高著称,尤其是酱香型白酒。2022年,中国酱酒的产能约为70万千升,约占中国白酒总产量的10.43%;酱酒实现销售收入2100亿元,约占白酒总收入的31.69%;酱酒实现利润约870亿元,约占白酒总利润的39.51%。 

此前,酱酒被资本狂热追逐,不过,从2021年下半年开始,市场已趋于理性。业内分析称,未来,酱酒市场的竞争是品牌的竞争。 

烤鸭就酒,很搭。如果销售良好,还可以改善全聚德的盈利状况。但是,在挤压式增长的白酒行业,全聚德的这两款定制酱酒,既没有故事也没有名气,而且价格很高,普通消费者恐难以接受。 

在全聚德天猫旗舰店,全聚德传奇的售价比门店还高40元,为568元/瓶。而全聚德1864、全聚德传奇的付款人数均显示2(4月11日数据)。 

▲(全聚德天猫店截图) 

全聚德将这两款酒放在菜单的最前面,可见公司对其抱有不小的期望。不过,在2022年报中,对这两款白酒及白酒业务,全聚德只字未提。 

在全聚德的菜单上,还有冰淇淋、蛋糕、咖啡球等商品。 

显然,全聚德也在试图向年轻人靠近。 

在2023年经营计划中,全聚德提到,要持续围绕做好北京人的餐厅的经营方向,对常规产品进行“瘦身”,压减品种数量,淘汰销量低、竞争力弱、品类样式雷同、盈利能力不足的产品;积极开展菜品创新,提升创新菜销售占比…… 

有人说,全聚德老了。周延龙也曾直言,老字号不能倚老卖老。 

在全聚德因为亏损登上热搜后,有网友评论道:“难吃又贵服务还不好,让我想起了狗不理包子。” 

曾经,在与王府井大街垂直的帅府园胡同里,有两家饭店很抓眼球。一家是全聚德,另一家正是来自天津的百年老字号狗不理。 

在北京的闹市区,现在已经找不到狗不理的门店了。消失的原因,正是倚老卖老,“难吃又贵服务还不好”。