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L3是伪命题?自动驾驶距离我们比想象中更

2023年,15万元左右的国产车,已实现批量配备L2级辅助驾驶,且部分车型具有升级自动驾驶的潜力

自动驾驶的未来如你所愿?

2023年,15万元左右的国产车,已实现批量配备L2级辅助驾驶,且部分车型具有升级自动驾驶的潜力。

小鹏、理想等头部新能源车企的部分车型,已加入领航辅助驾驶功能,似乎自动驾驶距离我们不远了。

事实却是,自动驾驶距离我们还有很远的距离。在国内自动驾驶芯片及技术研发公司地平线的媒体沟通会上,地平线CTO黄畅、副总裁余轶南与各位媒体老师针对自动驾驶相关问题展开了激烈的讨论,大家各有各的看法,但在争论之中,自动驾驶的未来愈发清晰。

硬件算力拔高上限,软件效率紧守下限

2019年,NVIDIA发布了算力高达254TFLOPS的Orin智能驾驶芯片,强悍的算力令其迅速成为了高端汽车的首选产品之一。2022年,NVIDIA发布了新款智能驾驶芯片Thor,算力竟高达2000TFLOPS。纵横GPU、AI等行业的NVIDIA,刚入场汽车领域,就让我们看到了它的实力。

相比之下,其他芯片厂商虽然也发布了许多智能芯片,但算力均与NVIDIA有不小的差距。作为国内头部智能车机芯片企业,地平线发布的征程5,算力也不过128TFLOPS而已。

图源:地平线 

智能驾驶芯片算力究竟意味着什么,唯算力论又是否正确呢?

综合余轶南与众多嘉宾的言论,小雷认为,算力是智能驾驶的上限,尤其是在汽车各种功能不断丰富、芯片集成度越来越高的今天,即使现阶段功能简陋、智能驾驶体验一般,只要算力够高,就拥有广阔的OTA空间。

当然,高算力也意味着更高的成本、更高的功耗。正如余轶南所言,只有大家都用得起自动驾驶,才能让消费者普遍接受自动驾驶,就如同当年几百块的红米,几乎瞬间干死了所有功能机。从这方面来看,高端车可以采用高算力、高成本的智能汽车芯片,但低算力、低成本的芯片也必不可少。

算力不够高,就要通过架构、软件优化提升效率。余轶南认为,芯片算力是基础,但关键在于软件算法能够发挥出芯片多少性能。在余轶南看来,评价智能驾驶芯片最准确的标准不是算力,而是每秒能处理多少图片。仅有128TFLOPS算力的征程5,架构与算法优化后,每秒可以处理1531帧图片,且具有30W超低功耗。

基于单颗征程5,轻舟智航就开发出了高阶辅助驾驶功能。轻舟智航的方案采用一颗征程5、11颗摄像头、5颗雷达,实现了高速NOA与L2智能辅助驾驶,额外增加一颗征程5和激光雷达,就可以实现城市NOA。

图源:雷科技摄制 

不仅如此,仅搭载30TFLOPS算力芯片的小鹏P5,就实现了城市领航辅助驾驶功能,结合高精度地图,城市部分路段可以完全由车机控制汽车。由此可见,低算力依然能够实现高阶辅助驾驶,只是在低算力的情况下,汽车需要用到更多逻辑计算,干预汽车的行驶,而算力充足的情况下,汽车则可以更多使用智能计算,充分根据传感器收集到的数据作出智能判断。

在余轶南看来,算力是非常容易解决的方案,一颗征程5不够,那就两颗,两颗还不够,那就上四颗。

城市领航辅助驾驶已经非常接近自动驾驶,但命名却通常为L2+、L2++、L2.9、L2.99等,不敢称自己就是L3。甚至说,在场的部分嘉宾对于L3均情绪激动,不认为L2过后就是L3,甚至觉得L3就是伪命题,而L2+与真正的自动驾驶之间,还有许多差距。

L3不是自动驾驶的必然阶段?

SAE(美国汽车工程师协会)将智能驾驶划分为L0~L5六个级别,其中L3为条件级自动驾驶,汽车可以在大多数场景下自动驾驶,但要求司机保持注意力集中,以便于遇到突发情况时接管汽车。

问题就在于,突发情况该怎么判断,又该何时交由司机控制车辆,有没有考虑到司机能否来得及接管车辆,或者说司机的处理方案是否比AI更靠谱?最关键的是,如果真的出了事故,又该由谁来负责?会不会出现,发生事故的前一秒,汽车要求司机接管车辆,以便于摆脱责任?

自动驾驶还要要求司机全神贯注,本身就不合理,始终保持注意力,人依然会感觉很累,还可能会因不需要操作而犯困。或许,使用自动驾驶覆盖范围代替自动驾驶等级,才是更合理的方案。

图源:地平线 

例如划分出城区、高速路、乡间小路、夜间模式等不同驾驶场景,由易到难,慢慢实现自动驾驶的全场景覆盖,最终实现完全自动驾驶。一般来说,高速路没有对向车辆(除非存在违规逆行),驾驶环境单一,汽车只需要与前车保持安全距离即可,实现自动驾驶较为简单,因而单颗征程5就能轻松实现高速NOA。

城市车流量太多,路况复杂,而且需要频繁变更车道,实现自动驾驶较为困难。仅依靠毫米波雷达和摄像头,轻舟智航就实现了高速NOA,但城市NOA就需要激光雷达了。夜间视线模糊,想要实现自动驾驶,难度会飙升,没有激光雷达,安全性就无法保障。

在准许的驾驶场景,用户可以开启自动驾驶,进入未覆盖的驾驶场景,则交由司机接管,显然是更合理的方案。若出了事故,也方便责任划分。

通行效率,我们能否接受自动驾驶的另一个问题

马斯克曾表示,自动驾驶不该用SAE制定的等级,而是要考虑安全性、舒适性、通行效率、覆盖范围四个方面。安全性与舒适性是基础,安全性不够相关部门肯定不允许它上路,舒适性不够,消费者大概率不愿意购买,覆盖范围是最直观的体现,而通行效率是在汽车实现自动驾驶后,乘客最关心的问题。

作为一个开车一年的新司机,小雷深知遵守交通规则是行车安全的基础,但在一些场景下,仍然难以避免一些违规行为。例如有一次送人上班,因道路维修,需要逆行一段距离,汽车能否智能到接受这样的“违规”。还有就是遇到车道堵塞,需要加塞到其它车道,汽车又是否可以主动跨线加塞。

图源:地平线 

最关键的是,小雷看了许多自动驾驶汽车的视频,遇到加塞时基本会选择主动减速让行,固然安全性得以保障,通行效率却大打折扣。如果有多辆车加塞,自动驾驶车辆是否会堵在那里?

自动驾驶全面普及后,汽车都能按照规则安全行驶,在此之前,自动驾驶汽车或许也需要一些合理的“违规”,以提高通行效率。

地平线的媒体沟通会上,多位嘉宾纷纷发表了自己的真知灼见,让我们对于自动驾驶有了更深层次的了解。软硬结合,在保证安全的前提下提升效率、降低成本,才是自动驾驶得以普及的关键。地平线将目标放在了15万元左右的市场,结合激光雷达成本越来越低,自动驾驶领域的红米手机,距离我们或许不远了。

封面图源:地平线